|
|states = Originally Portugal, now worldwide (See below) |region = Europe, South America, Africa, Asia |speakers = 215 million |date = 2010 |ref = ne2010 |speakers2 = Total (L1 plus L2): 250 million (2012)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Portuguese language )〕 |familycolor = Indo-European |fam2 = Italic |fam3 = Romance |fam4 = Western Romance |fam5 = Ibero-Romance |fam6 = West Iberian |fam7 = Galician-Portuguese |ancestor = Medieval Galician |script = Latin (Portuguese alphabet) Portuguese Braille |sign = Manually coded Portuguese | nation = Numerous international organisations |agency=International Portuguese Language Institute Academia Brasileira de Letras (Brazil) Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Classe de Letras (Portugal) CPLP |iso1=pt |iso2=por |iso3=por |glotto=port1283 |glottorefname=Portuguese |lingua=51-AAA-a |map=Map of the portuguese language in the world.svg |mapcaption= |notice=IPA }} Portuguese ( or, in full, )〔 is a Romance language and the sole official language of Portugal, Brazil, Mozambique, Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau and São Tomé and Príncipe.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Estados-membros da CPLP )〕 It also has co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, and Macau. As the result of expansion during colonial times, a cultural presence of Portuguese and Portuguese creole speakers are also found in Goa, Daman and Diu in India; in Batticaloa on the east coast of Sri Lanka, in the Indonesian island of Flores, and in Malacca in Malaysia. Portuguese is a part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia. With approximately 215 to 220 million native speakers and 260 million total speakers, Portuguese is usually listed as the fifth most natively spoken language in the world, the third-most spoken European language in the world in terms of native speakers,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CIA World Factbook )〕 and a major language of the Southern Hemisphere. It is also the most spoken language in South America and the second-most spoken in Latin America after Spanish, and is an official language of the European Union, Mercosul and the African Union. Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes once called Portuguese "the sweet and gracious language" and Spanish playwright Lope de Vega referred to it as "sweet", while the Brazilian writer Olavo Bilac poetically described it as "'" (the last flower of Latium, rustic and beautiful). Portuguese is also termed "the language of Camões", after one of the greatest literary figures in the Portuguese language, Luís Vaz de Camões. In March 2006, the Museum of the Portuguese Language, an interactive museum about the Portuguese language, was founded in São Paulo, Brazil, the city with the greatest number of Portuguese language speakers in the world. The Museum is the first of its kind in the world.〔 == History == (詳細はIberian Peninsula in , they brought the Latin language with them, from which all Romance languages descend. The language was spread by arriving Roman soldiers, settlers, and merchants, who built Roman cities mostly near the settlements of previous Celtic or Celtiberian civilizations established long before the Roman arrivals. Between and , as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Germanic peoples (Migration Period). The occupiers, mainly Suebi and Visigoths who originally spoke Germanic languages, quickly adopted late Roman culture and the Vulgar Latin dialects of the peninsula and over the next 300 years totally integrated in the local populations. After the Moorish invasion of , Arabic became the administrative and common language in the conquered regions, but most of the remaining Christian population continued to speak a form of Romance commonly known as Mozarabic which lasted three centuries longer in Spain. Portuguese evolved from the medieval language, known today by linguists as Galician-Portuguese or Old Portuguese or Old Galician, of the northwestern medieval Kingdom of Galicia, the first among the Christian kingdoms after the start of the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors. It is in Latin administrative documents of the century that written Galician-Portuguese words and phrases are first recorded. This phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from the century until the -century independence of the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of León, by then reigning over Galicia.〔County of Portugal〕 Portuguese was heavily influenced by more than a millennium of perennial contact with several dialects of both Oïl and Occitan language groups, in lexicon (up to 15–20% in some estimates, at least 5000 word roots), phonology and orthography.〔 (Exhibition at the Museum of the Portuguese Language shows the French influence in our language )〕〔 (Contacts between French and Portuguese or the first's influences on the second )〕〔 (The influence of loanwords in the Portuguese language: a process of globalization, ideology and communication )〕 The influence of Occitan has been most marked through the status Provençal in particular achieved in southwestern Europe around the troubadour apex in the Middle Ages, when Galician-Portuguese lyric was developed. Aside the direct influence of Provençal literature, the presence of languages from modern-day France in the Galician-Portuguese area was also strong due to the rule of the House of Burgundy, the establishment of the Orders of Cluny and Cister, the many sections of the Way of St. James pilgrimage route that come from elsewhere in Europe out of the Iberian Peninsula, and the settlement in Iberia of people from the other side of the Pyrenees, arriving during and after the Reconquista.〔(A língua que falamos: Português, história, variação e discurso ) Luiz Antônio da Silva, 2005.〕〔(Occitejano: Sobre a origem occitana do subdialeto do Alto Tejo português ) Paulo Feytor Pinto, 2012.〕 In the first part of the Galician-Portuguese period (from the to the century), the language was increasingly used for documents and other written forms. For some time, it was the language of preference for lyric poetry in Christian Hispania, much as Occitan was the language of the poetry of the troubadours in France. Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King Afonso I of Portugal. In 1290, King Denis of Portugal created the first Portuguese university in Lisbon (the ''Estudos Gerais'', later moved to Coimbra) and decreed that Portuguese, then simply called the "common language", be known as the Portuguese language and used officially. In the second period of Old Portuguese, in the and centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries, the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. By the mid- century, Portuguese had become a ''lingua franca'' in Asia and Africa, used not only for colonial administration and trade but also for communication between local officials and Europeans of all nationalities. Its spread was helped by mixed marriages between Portuguese and local people, and by its association with Roman Catholic missionary efforts, which led to the formation of creole languages such as that called Kristang in many parts of Asia (from the word ''cristão'', "Christian"). The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the century. Some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the ''Cancioneiro Geral'' by Garcia de Resende, in 1516. The early times of Modern Portuguese, which spans the period from the century to the present day, were characterized by an increase in the number of learned words borrowed from Classical Latin and Classical Greek due to the Renaissance, which greatly enriched the lexicon. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「portuguese language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|